[Editor's note: This service is to be used on the first day of Lent (Ash Wednesday), and at other times as the ordinary shall appoint. It is taken from An American Prayer Book (2009) and is a modern English adaptation of 'A Commination' from the 1559 Elizabethan Prayer Book and the 1662 Restoration Prayer Book.]
This service may be used after Morning or Evening Prayer, or after the Litany if the Litany follows Morning or Evening Prayer. It may be used as a part of the Second Alternative Form of Morning and Evening Worship, in which case it may replace the General Confession, the Absolution (or declaration of forgiveness), and the Prayers. It may also be used as a separate service.
When A Penitential Service is used as a separate service, it may be preceded by a Psalm, canticle, or hymn and one of the readings of the day.
The minister says
Brothers and sisters, there has been, from ancient times, a godly custom in the Church, that, at the beginning of Lent, Christian people should be warned and reminded in a special manner, of the wrath of God revealed by heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness, in order that they may take to heart their own sinfulness and continuing need to turn to God, and not become hardened by the deceitfulness of sin. It is therefore fitting, that at this time (in the presence of you all) should be read the general sentences of God’s cursing against impenitent sinners, gathered out of the twenty-seventh chapter of Deuteronomy, and other places of Scripture; and that you should answer to every sentence, Amen: to the intent that, being admonished of the great indignation of God against sinners, you may be moved to sincere and true repentance, and may walk more warily in these dangerous days, fleeing from such vices, for the which you affirm with your own mouths, the curse of God to be due.
Then the minister says.
Cursed be the man who makes a carved or cast metal image, an abomination to the Lord, a thing made by the hands of craftsman, and sets it up in secret. AMEN
Cursed be anyone who dishonors his father and his mother. AMEN
Cursed be anyone who moves his neighbor’s landmark. AMEN.
Cursed be anyone who misleads a blind man on the road. AMEN.
Cursed be anyone who perverts the justice due to the sojourner, the fatherless, and the widow.AMEN.
Cursed be anyone who strikes down his neighbor in secret. AMEN.
Cursed be anyone who lies with his neighbor’s wife. AMEN
Cursed be anyone who takes a bribe to shed innocent blood. AMEN.
Cursed be anyone who puts his trust in man, and takes man for his defense, and in his heart departs from the Lord. AMEN.
Cursed be the unmerciful, the sexually immoral, and the greedy, the idolaters, slanderers, drunkards, and swindlers. AMEN.
Then the minister says
Now seeing that all are accursed (as the Prophet David bears witness) who err, and wander from the commandments of God, let us (remembering the dreadful judgment hanging over our heads, and being always at hand) return to our Lord God, with all contrition and meekness of heart mourning and lamenting our sinful life, acknowledging and confessing our offences, and seeking to bear fruit worthy of repentance. Even now is the axe laid to the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit, is cut down and thrown into the fire. It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God: he shall rain coals on the wicked; fire and sulfur and a scorching wind shall be the portion of their cup. For behold, the Lord is coming out from his place to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity. But who can endure the day of his coming, and who can stand when he appears? His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing floor and gather his wheat into the barn, but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire. The day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night. While people are saying, “There is peace and security,” then sudden destruction will come upon them as labor pains come upon a pregnant woman, and they will not escape. Then, on the day of wrath when God’s righteous judgment shall be revealed, shall appear the wrath that those with a hard and impenitent heart are storing up for themselves, who presumed upon the riches of God’s kindness and forbearance and patience, by which he meant to lead them to repentance. Then they will call upon me, says the Lord, but I will not answer. They will seek me diligently but will not find me. And because they hated knowledge and did not choose the fear of the Lord, would have none of my counsel and despised all my reproof, it shall be too late to knock, when the door shall be shut, and too late to cry for mercy, when it is the time of justice. O terrible voice of most just judgment, which shall be pronounced upon them, when it shall be said to them: “Depart from me, you cursed, into eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels.” Let us, brothers and sisters, take heed in good time, for now is the day of salvation. Night is coming when no one can work; but let us while we have the light, believe in the light, that we may become sons of light; that we may not be caste into the outer darkness. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Let us not abuse the goodness of God, who calls us mercifully to amendment, and of his endless pity promises us forgiveness of that which is past, if (with a whole mind and true heart) we return to him. Though our sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red like crimson, they shall become like wool. Repent and turn from all your transgressions, lest iniquity be your ruin. Cast away from you all transgressions that you have committed, and make yourselves a new heart and a new spirit! Why will you die, O house of Israel? For I have no pleasure in the death of anyone (declares the Lord God) so turn and live. But if anyone does sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous. He is the propitiation for our sins. He was wounded for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities. Let us therefore return to him, who is the merciful receiver of all true penitent sinners, assuring our selves that he is ready to receive us, and most willing to pardon us, if we come to him, with faithful repentance, if we will submit our selves to him, and from that moment on walk in his ways; if we will take his easy yoke, and light burden upon us, to follow him in lowliness, patience, and charity, and be ordered by the governance of his Holy Spirit, seeking always his glory, and serving him duly in our vocation with thanksgiving. If we do this, Christ will deliver us from the curse of the law, and from the extreme malediction, that shall alight upon those who shall be set on the left hand. And he will set us on his right hand, and give us the blessed benediction of his Father, commanding us to take possession of his glorious kingdom; to which he condescends to bring us all, out of his infinite mercy. Amen.
All kneel and say this Psalm.
Misere mei deus (Psalm 51:1-17)
Have mercy on me, O God, in your great goodness;
according to the abundance of your compassion
blot out my offences.
Wash me thoroughly from my wickedness
and cleanse me from my sin.
For I acknowledge my faults
and my sin is ever before me.
Against you only have I sinned
and done what is evil in your sight,
So that you are justified in your sentence
and righteous in your judgment.
I have been wicked even from my birth,
a sinner when my mother conceived me.
Behold, you desire truth deep within me
and shall make me understand wisdom
in the depths of my heart.
Purge me with hyssop and I shall be clean;
wash me and I shall be whiter than snow.
Make me hear of joy and gladness,
that the bones you have broken may rejoice.
Turn your face from my sins
and blot out all my misdeeds.
Make me a clean heart, O God,
and renew a right spirit within me.
Cast me not away from your presence
and take not your holy spirit from me.
Give me the joy of your salvation
and sustain me with your gracious spirit;
Then shall I teach your ways to the wicked
and sinners shall return to you.
Deliver me from my guilt, O God,
the God of my salvation,
and my tongue shall sing of your righteousness.
O Lord, open my lips
and my mouth shall proclaim your praise.
For you desire no sacrifice, else I would give it;
you take no delight in burnt offerings.
The sacrifice of God is a broken spirit;
a broken and contrite heart, O God, you will not despise.
Glory to the Father and to the Son
and to the Holy Spirit;
as it was in the beginning, is now
and shall be for ever. Amen.
Then the minister says
Lord, have mercy on us.
Christ, have mercy on us.
Lord, have mercy on us.
Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us. Lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil. AMEN.
or
Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. AMEN.
Lord, save your servants,
who put their trust in you.
Lord, send them help from your holy place,
and evermore defend them.
Help us, O God, our Savior;
and for the glory of your Name deliver us;
be merciful to us sinners, for your name’s sake.
Lord, hear our prayer,
and let our cry come to you.
Let us pray.
O Lord, we implore you to mercifully hear our prayers, and spare all those who confess their sins to you, that they (whose consciences by sin are accused) by your merciful pardon may be absolved; through Christ our Lord. AMEN.
O Most mighty God, and merciful Father, you have compassion upon all people, and hate nothing that you have made: you do not desire the death of sinners, but rather that they should turn from sin, and be saved: mercifully forgive us our offenses, and comfort us, who are grieved and wearied with the burden of our sin. Your property is to have mercy, to you alone belongs the forgiveness of sins: spare us therefore good Lord, spare your people whom you have redeemed. Enter not into judgment with your servants, who are vile dust, and miserable sinners, but so turn your anger from us who meekly acknowledge our vileness, and truly repent of our faults: so make haste to help us in this world, that we may ever live with you in the world to come; through Jesus Christ our Lord. AMEN.
All say
Turn us, O good Lord, and so shall we be turned. Be favorable O Lord, be favorable to your people, who turn to you, in weeping, fasting, and praying, for you are a merciful God, full of compassion, long suffering, and of a great pity. You spare us when we deserve punishment, and in your wrath you think upon mercy, spare your people good Lord, spare them, and let not your heritage be brought to confusion: hear us O Lord for your mercy is great, and after the multitude of your mercies, look upon us; through the merits and mediation of your blessed Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. AMEN.
Then the minister alone says
The Lord bless you and keep you. The Lord make his face to shine on you and be gracious to you. The Lord lift up his countenance on you and give you peace, both now and evermore. AMEN.
The Commination service of 1662 has sometimes been criticised on the grounds that it is hardly Christian to invoke curses. In fact, it doesn't - it says 'cursed IS...', and as such is descriptive of the state of our souls.
ReplyDeleteUnfortunately, the 'American Prayer Book' has substituted 'cursed BE...', thereby radically (if unintentionally) altering the meaning.
The difference between "be" and "is' is that "be" is the present substantive of the root verb "be" and "is" the simple present of the same verb. "Be" is also a modal, and its interpretation depends upon itself as a modal, where it occurs in the sentence, the meaning of the sentence independent of the modal, the conversational context, and a variety of other factors.
ReplyDeleteIn liturgical texts "be" and "is" are often used interchangeably. "Be" is also translated for "is" and visa versa in the Bible. For example, the New King James Version renders the "be" of Deuteronomy 27:15-26 as "is," as does the New International Version. The 21st century New King James Version returns to the original AV "be." The American Standard Version like the AV translates the verb as "be." But the New American Standard translates it as "is." In the original Hebrew the "be" or "is" is inferred so Deuteronomy 27:15 literally reads "Cursed the man that maketh any graven image...." Whether the American Prayer Book actually radically alters the meaning of the Imprecations is debatable. At the same time your point is well taken.
The question arises as to from what source were the 1662 Imprecations taken. They can be traced back to the 1549 Prayer Book. Do they come from Cranmer's own translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew into Latin? Or do they come from the Great Bible? The Tutorial Prayer Book indicates that some were independent translations while others were in the case of the 1662Prayer Book adapted from the AV.
In regards to "the Sentences of Cursing" the Tutorial Prayer Book notes:
"The sentences of God's curses on impenitent sinners were most probably suggested by those in 'The Great Excommunication' and they are pronounced against themselves.There is apparently no method adopted in these ten denunciations. Bucer thought they ought to be arranged in the order of the Decalogue. The use of these curses is designed as a protest against the way in which men are apt to make light of sin (whether they be professed Antinomians or not.) [p. 493]
Perhaps one solution is to omit the "be" or "is" and say "Cursed the man that maketh...," adopting the literal translation of the Hebrew.
I've never heard of "An American Prayer Book" is this the same as Dr. Toon's an "An Anglican Prayer Book" or something different?
ReplyDeleteJordan,
ReplyDeleteIt's something different. The project that Dr. Toon headed was originally supposed to have produced contemporary English versions of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer and the 1661 Ordinal, in which there was an interest in the AMiA at the time. However, the trial services that were produced in 2006 owed more to the 1928 Prayer Book, the 1928 Proposed English Prayer Book, and the 1962 Canadian Prayer Book than the 1662 Prayer Book. These three prayer books diverge doctrinally from the 1662 Prayer Book and are much more Catholic in tone than the 1662 Prayer Book. An Anglican Prayer Book (2008)owes even more to these three prayer books than the 1662 Prayer Book. A number of changes have been made in the material from these three books to make it even more Catholic in tone. Both the trial services and An Anglican Prayer Book (2008) violate the provisions of the AMiA foundational documents that any alternative rite or form used in the AMiA should conform with the doctrine of the 1662 Prayer Book.
I produced An American Prayer Book (2009) as an alternative to An Anglican Prayer Book(2008). It is much closer to the 1662 Prayer Book in its theology and liturgical usages than the latter, and clearly stands in that Prayer Book tradition. In a few places it returns to the wording of the 1559 and 1604 Prayer Books. It incorporates a small number of changes that were introduced in the 1926 Irish Prayer Book. It also includes a number of alternative forms embodying changes that evangelicals have sought in the prayer book. It is yet unpublished due to some copyright issues.
Dom
ReplyDeleteBoo to both Toon and Jordan for presuming to "update" the 1662 language. Nice private exercise, like the Jefferson Bible, but ultimately a vanity project.
ReplyDeleteHow about supporting the 1662, instead?