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Friday, June 28, 2019
A Modern Anglican Service of the Lord's Supper: The Liturgy of the Table
In this post I further explain the sacramental doctrine of the 1552 Prayer Book and provide an example of the form of prayer that might be used before the communion of the people in a modern service of the Lord’s Supper embodying its sacramental doctrine.
By Robin G. Jordan
As I wrote in yesterday’s article the form of prayer that precedes the communion of the people in the 1552 Communion service is not a consecratory formula. Implicit in the form is the assumption that when Jesus took bread and a cup of wine at the Last Supper and gave them a new purpose as symbols and tokens of his suffering and death on the cross, he consecrated, or set apart, bread and wine for this purpose until his coming again in glory. Since Jesus has dedicated bread and wine to this purpose when he instituted the Lord’s Supper, we do not need to rededicate them to this purpose with prayer when we use them for this purpose as he commanded. Indeed a priest saying a prayer of consecration over bread and a cup of wine is redundant. It serves no purpose other than to infer that God cannot use bread and a cup of wine as an expression of his grace without assistance from ourselves. Such an assumption is a denial of the sovereignty and omnipotence of God. While God may choose to act through human beings, he is not bound to do so. While pastor and teacher are listed among the manifestations of the Holy Spirit in the New Testament, consecrator of sacraments and dispenser of sacramental grace is not on any of the lists of the gifts of the Holy Spirit.
Yet a whole system of thought and practice has been built on the idea that a priest is a consecrator of sacraments and dispenser of sacramental grace, an idea which is not found in Scripture even in a rudimentary form. In fact the idea is contrary to what Scripture teaches. The recognition of this fact accounts for Archbishop Cranmer’s rejection of the medieval Catholic sacramental system and for the particular forms of prayer that he uses before the communion of the people in the 1552 Communion service and the baptism of an infant in the 1552 Baptism service.
The form of prayer that Archbishop Cranmer used before the communion of the people in the 1552 Communion service contains an element of praise and thanksgiving in the form of the Sursum Corda, the preface, the proper prefaces and the Sanctus, an intercessory element in the form of the prayer for worthy reception and the prayer for the inward grace of the sacrament, and a commemorative-didactic element in the form of the commemoration of Christ’s salvific work and the institution narrative (or words of institution). The institution narrative doubles as the biblical warrant for what follows—the communion of the people.
When compared with the prayers before the communion of the people in the early Lutheran and Reformed rites the form of prayer before the communion in the 1552 Communion service is relatively short. As in the prayers in these rites, it contains no reference to any sacrifice other than Christ’s. The prayer for the inward grace of the sacrament makes clear that bread and wine undergo no change but remain bread and wine.
Any form of prayer for use before the communion of the people in a modern service of the Lord’s Supper embodying the 1552 Prayer Book’s sacramental doctrine should incorporate these elements.
To the aforementioned elements, I have added a participatory element in this example of such a form of prayer. I believe that the participatory element is compatible with the 1552 sacramental doctrine.
The minister standing at the table, facing the people across the table says
Lift up your hearts,
We lift them to the Lord.
Let us give thanks to the Lord our God.
It is right to give him thanks and praise.
Always and everywhere, it is right for us to praise you, Lord, holy Father, mighty Creator and eternal God.
On certain days a special preface (see A Service of Holy Communion for the North American Mission Field ) is said here.
Therefore, with all those gathered around your throne in heaven, we proclaim your great and glorious name, in words of never-ending praise:
Holy, holy, holy Lord, God of power and might, heaven and earth are full of your glory. Glory to you, Lord most high.
or
Holy, holy, hold Lord, God of power and might, heaven and earth are full of your glory. Hosanna in the highest.
We give you thanks, heavenly Father, for your Son, our Savior Jesus Christ, who by his death on the cross and rising to new life offered the one true sacrifice for sin, and obtained an eternal deliverance for his people.
Worthy is the Lamb, who was slain, to receive praise and honor, and glory and power, for ever and ever!
Hear us, merciful Father, and grant that we who receive these gifts of your creation, this bread and this wine, according to our Savior’s command in remembrance of his suffering and death, may share his body and blood.
Renew us in your service, Father, and help us to love one another as members of the body of our Lord Jesus Christ.
As Jesus’ words of institution are said, the minister breaks the bread and takes hold of the cup before all the people.
On the night before he died, Jesus took bread, and when he had given you thanks, he broke it, and gave it to his disciples, saying, ‘Take and eat. This is my body given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.’
After the meal, he took the cup, and again giving you thanks, he gave it to his disciples, saying, ‘Drink from this, all of you. This is my blood of the new covenant, which is shed for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.’
The minister may say
Come let us eat and drink in remembrance that Christ died for us, and feed on him in our hearts by faith with thanksgiving.
The minister and those assisting give the bread to each person, saying within the hearing of each person,
The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for you, preserve your body and soul to everlasting life. Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for you, and feed on him in your heart by faith with thanksgiving.
or
Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for you, and feed on him in your heart by faith with thanksgiving.
The minister and those assisting give the cup to each person, saying within the hearing of each person,
The blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was shed for you, preserve your body and soul to everlasting life. Drink this in remembrance that Christ’s blood was shed for you, and be thankful.
or
Drink this in remembrance that Christ’s blood was shed for you, and be thankful.
If the Lord’s Prayer has not been said earlier in the service, it may be said here.
The minister leads the people in this prayer of thanksgiving and dedication.
Lord and heavenly Father, in your loving kindness, accept our sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving. Grant that by the merits and death of your Son Jesus Christ, and through faith in his blood, we and your whole church may receive forgiveness of our sins and all other benefits of his passion. With gratitude for all your mercies, we offer ourselves to you as a living sacrifice, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Send us out in the power of your Spirit to live and work to your praise and glory. Amen.
All of the textual material used in this example and the accompanying rite and post-communion thanksgiving is adapted from Common Prayer: Resources for Gospel-Shaped Gatherings. I would appreciate feedback from anyone who gives this form of prayer a trial.
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Thursday, June 27, 2019
The ACNA's Prayer Book 2019: Catholic but not Reformed
In this post I compare the Reformed sacramental doctrine of the 1552 Prayer Book with that of the ACNA's Prayer Book 2019.
By Robin G. Jordan
The purpose of yesterday’s article, “A Visit to an ACNA Church and What Happened Afterwards,” was to illustrate the differences between the ACNA’s eucharistic rite and a more flexible eucharistic rite like A Service of Holy Communion for the North American Mission Field. The Book of Common Prayer 2019’s The Holy Eucharist: The Standard Anglican Text and The Holy Eucharist: Renewed Ancient Text are really the same rite. The only differences between them are the form for the Prayers of the People and the Eucharistic Prayer. The two forms for the Prayers of the People are two versions of the same prayer.
Even if you reduce the ACNA’s eucharistic rite to the minimum elements permitted by the rubrics, it is a tediously long rite that lacks flexibility. The structure of the rite is quite rigid. The rite has too many fixed elements. It is also very wordy. It is not adaptable to the wide variety of circumstances and situations of ACNA churches on the twenty-first century North American mission field. The rite lends itself only to certain styles of music and worship.
In my description of the two celebrations of the Holy Eucharist I drew upon my personal experiences worshiping with a number of Anglican and Episcopal churches over a period of more than 35 years. This includes worshiping in non-traditional settings as well as parish churches. The people in the descriptions of the two Eucharistic celebrations are based on real people. I also have a pinched nerve and suffer shooting paints in my left thigh when I stand too long.
The foregoing are not the only drawbacks of the ACNA’s Eucharistic rite. The doctrine of the rite reflects what may be described as the progressive departure of the American Prayer Book from the Reformed doctrine of the 1552 Book of Common Prayer. The beginning of this movement away from the 1552 Prayer Book’s Reformed doctrine can be traced to the 1637 Scottish Book of Common Prayer which influenced the Baptism service of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer and the Scottish Non-Jurors’ 1764 Communion Office. These two offices would in turn influence the Baptism and Communion services of the 1789 Book of Common Prayer. The movement away from the 1552 Prayer Book’s Reformed doctrine would become more pronounced with each revision of the American Prayer Book. The American Prayer Book would become more unreformed Catholic in doctrine. The Book of Common Prayer 2019 represents the latest phase in the American Prayer Book's movement away from the 1552 Prayer Book’s Reformed doctrine.
A comparison of the 1552 Communion service and the 1552 Baptism service with the equivalent 2019 rites is helpful in understanding this movement in the direction of unreformed Catholicism. When these rites are compared, a major shift in focus is discernible. In the two 1552 services the focus is the recipient of the sacrament. In the 2019 rites the focus is the matter of the sacrament, the minister of the sacrament, the role of the minister of the sacrament in the consecration of the matter, and in the eucharistic rite, the minister of the sacrament’s offering of the consecrated bread and wine to God.
In the 1552 services God is the consecrator. The minister of the sacrament plays no role in the consecration of the matter of the sacrament. This is more evident in the 1552 Baptism service than in the 1552 Communion service. The forms of prayer before the communion of the people and the baptism of an infant in the 1552 Book of Common Prayer are not prayers of consecration. While they may contain references to the matter of the sacrament, they are prayers for the recipient of the sacrament.
The form of prayer before the communion of the people consists of an introductory dialog, a laudatory preface culminating in the Sanctus, a prayer that the communicants will be worthy recipients of the sacrament, a commemoration of Christ’s salvific work, a prayer that communicants will receive the inward grace of the sacrament, and the words of institution. The form of prayer before the baptism of an infant is a prayer that the baptismal candidate will receive the inward grace of the sacrament. Both forms of prayer assume that God has already consecrated the matter of the sacrament and therefore no prayer asking God to consecrate the matter of the sacrament is needed.
On the other hand, the 2012 rites assume that God has not consecrated the matter of the sacrament. In order for God to consecrate the matter the prayer of a minister of the sacrament who possesses a special grace is needed. Only the prayer of such a minister will be effectual.
Needless to say this doctrinal view is not found in Scripture nor can it be proved by Scripture. It is solely based upon Church tradition. The Synoptic Gospels speak of Jesus blessing the bread and the cup but they also speak of him give thanks over the bread and the cup. While Catholics maintain that these passages show that Jesus consecrated the bread and cup, they are references to the Jewish table graces that were said over the bread at the beginning of the Passover meal and over a cup of wine later in the meal. They are not prayers of consecration.
Jesus dedicated bread and wine for the purpose of the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper when he spoke of the bread and wine as symbols and tokens of his suffering and death for the sins of humankind and commanded his disciples eat and drink them in remembrance of him. The bread and wine are not in need of further consecration for sacramental use. In using them for sacramental use, we are acknowledging that Jesus dedicated them to that use.
One of the results in this shift in focus is unnecessarily elaborate and lengthy rites whose sole purpose is to magnify the bishop or priest as the minister of the sacraments. Such rites are not a gospel asset on the twenty-first century North American mission field. They are a liability. Whether they help or hinder clergy and congregations seeking to reach and engage North America’s unchurched population, however, is not really a concern of those compiling such rites.
Where does the Communion and Baptism services of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer fit into this picture? In their revision of the 1552 Book of Common Prayer which in its 1559 revision had been the prayer book of the Church of England for almost 100 years, the Restoration bishops made three significant changes. These changes can be attributed to the influence of the 1637 Scottish Prayer Book. In the Communion service they added the title “Prayer of Consecration” after the Sanctus and before the commemoration of Christ’s salvific work and an “amen” after the words of institution. These changes suggest that they may not have understood the nature of the form of prayer before the communion of the people. With these changes they made the form consecratory.
In the Baptism service the Restoration bishops also added to the form of prayer before the baptism of an infant a petition asking God to “sanctify” the water in the font. This petition, however, was redundant since the Flood Prayer earlier in the 1662 Baptism service stated that God had sanctified all water for the mystical washing away of sin through the baptism of Jesus in the River Jordan. If God had already sanctified water for the purpose of the sacrament, there was no need to ask him to sanctify it again. This is as far as the Restoration bishops went. They did, however, give the minister of the sacrament a role that went beyond administering the sacrament. He also played a part in the consecration of the matter of the sacrament. The implication was God’s original setting apart of water for the purpose of baptism was somehow defective or incomplete. It required human involvement.
In the 1552 Communion service the priest is simply an administrator of the sacrament, a humble steward who serves the meal of the Lord’s Supper. Before the meal he reminds his fellow communicants why they are observing the Lord’s Supper and prays for them and himself. In the 1552 Baptism service the minister is also simply an administrator of the sacrament. Before dipping the baptismal candidate into the water or pouring water on the candidate, he prays for the candidate. He exercises these roles as a minister of God’s Word.
The implications for anyone preparing a modern liturgy that embodies the sacramental doctrine of the 1552 Prayer Book are that the structure of the Communion and Baptism services do need to exactly follow the structure of the 1552 services. However, the form of prayer that is used before the communion of the people should consist of a brief prayer of thanksgiving and praise introduced by the Sursum Corda and concluding with the Sanctus, a commemoration of Christ’s salvific work, a prayer for the communicants, and the words of institution. The only references to sacrifice in this form of prayer should be confined to Christ’s suffering and death on the cross. Any prayers of thanksgiving that refer to our offering of praise and thanksgiving and ourselves should follow the communion of the people.
The form of prayer that is used before the baptism of an infant or an adult should consist of prayers for the baptismal candidate. It may be appropriate to omit any reference to the newly-baptized being regenerate after the baptism.
Tomorrow I plan to post an example of the form of prayer that might be used before the communion of the people in a modern service of the Lord’s Supper embodying the sacramental doctrine of the 1552 Prayer Book.
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Wednesday, June 26, 2019
A Visit to an ACNA Church and What Happened Afterwards
By Robin G. Jordan
A friend has invited you to attend her new church. She is really excited about it. Your friend has promised to have lunch with you after church at your favorite restaurant. You are not keen on the idea of church but you like your friend and you are looking forward to having lunch with her. Your friend has told you that she will meet you at church. You did not write down the address of where the church is meeting. After driving around the block a couple of times, you see a church feather flag in front of a hotel. You assume that it is the flag of your friend’s new church and pull into the hotel parking lot. Inside the hotel lobby you see an easel with a large sign on it. The sign informs you that St. Boniface Anglican Church, a church of the Anglican Church in North America, is meeting in the hotel conference room and has an arrow pointing in the direction of the conference room.
At the door of the conference room a gray-haired man in a blazer and a tie is handing out church bulletins. He gives you a once-over and then hands you a bulletin. You dressed casual because your friend said that the church services are come as you are.
You walk into the conference room and find a seat. You notice that each chair has a bright red prayer book and a dark blue hymnal on it. The prayer book has a Jerusalem cross embossed upon the front cover and the hymnal The Book of Common Praise 2019. You sit near the back of the room and save an empty chair for your friend. With the exception of a couple of teenagers with their eyes glued to the screens of their cell phones, most of the people are middle-aged or older. The chairs are lined up in rows and the only thing that you can see is the backs of their heads.
You are sitting next to a center aisle and if you lean out into the aisle, you can see a table in the front of the room. It is pushed against the front wall and is covered with a white table cloth. It has two tall brass candlesticks on it and two tall candles in the brass candlesticks. The candlesticks and the candles dwarf the table.
In the center of the table is a chalice and paten covered with a bright red burse and veil. To one side of the chalice and paten is a brass book stand which hold a large book in a bright red cover. On a smaller table to one side of the table you can see wine and water cruets and lavabo bowl with a purificator draped across it. On the other side of the table is a gray-haired woman sitting at a portable electric keyboard.
You look at your cell phone. It is near time for the service to start and your friend has not arrived. You gather from the church bulletin that it is the Feast of Pentecost. The grey-haired women begins to play a piece of music on the keyboard. You do not recognize it. The setting that she is using on the key board sounds like an old-fashioned theater organ. A few stragglers enter the room and quickly take a seat. A voice booms from the amplifier of the portable podium in front of the room, announcing the number of a hymn. The gray-haired woman begins to play an introduction to the hymn. Everyone is now standing with open hymnals. You hurriedly flip through the pages of the hymnal until you find the right hymn and stand. The gray-haired woman begins to play the hymn. The voice again booms from the portable podium, drowning out what little singing that you can hear. You notice that the room has an acoustical tile ceiling and a thick carpet. It is meant to deaden sound. You also notice that whoever has the wireless mike for the podium is singing off key.
A teenager in an alb walks past you, carrying a processional cross. Behind him comes a gray-haired man in a tight-fitting cotta and a cassock, swing a smoking censor. He resembles a walking sausage. The smell of the incense is sickly sweet and the billowing smoke irriates your eyes and makes them water. You are reminded of the time when you visited a Roman Catholic church with a high school friend when you were a teenager. Behind the walking sausage comes a gray-haired priest wearing a bright red chasuble. He is singing. It is the priest who has the wireless mike for the podium.
The two men and the teenager reach the front of the room. The priest takes the censor from the man in the tight-fitting cotta and cassock and censes the table and then the empty row of chairs in the front of the room. The priest then launches into a lengthy introductory dialog. The dialog concludes before you find it in the prayer book. Everyone has begun to say an opening prayer together. After the opening prayer the priest reads the Ten Commandments. The congregation says a response after each commandment. At the conclusion of the Ten Commandments the gray-haired woman at the keyboard begins to play an introduction. It is a nine-fold Kyries. The words and the melody are printed in the church bulletin. Everyone begins to sing but the only person that you can hear is the priest. The pinched nerve in your spine is sending shooting pains down your left thigh from standing too long. But having concluded the nine-fold Kyries, the priest and the congregation are singing a Gloria. The voice of the priest booms from the podium as he mangles the Gloria. You shift your weight from one leg to another, hoping to relieve the strain on your spine and the pain in your left thigh. The priest finishes singing and begins to pray. The prayer is a short one. You sigh in relief when the priest invites the congregation to sit for the Old Testament reading.
A gray-haired man walks to the podium and declaims the Old Testament reading as if he was reading one of Shakespeare’s plays. The podium also has a fixed mike and his voice booms across the room. He has not learned to modulate his voice when speaking into a mike. As the reader returns to his seat, the walking sausage goes to the podium and announces the psalm appointed for the day. He bids everyone to stand and to read the psalm responsively by half verse. You groan. Everyone stands. The psalm is a long one and the shooting pains in your left thigh grow worse. You are glad when everyone recites the Gloria Patri. After the lengthy recitation you are relieved to sit down again. You remember what your old pastor said: You sit for the psalm at the Holy Eucharist and you do not say the Gloria Patri at the end of the psalm.
The man in the tight-fitting cotta and cassock announces the New Testament reading from the podium. As soon as he is finished, the gray-haired woman plays an introduction to a hymn on the keyboard. All stand. Partway through the third verse the priest stops singing. The congregation, however, continues to sing. The priest, preceded by the man in the tight-fitting cotta and cassock, swinging the smoking censor, walk down the center aisle to the midst of the congregation. The priest censes the Book of Gospels and announces the Gospel reading. The congregation says a response. As he reads the Gospel, his voice booms from the podium. It is weird. He is standing in the midst of the congregation but his voice is coming from somewhere else. At the end of the Gospel reading, he says, “This is the Gospel of the Lord” and the congregation says a response. The gray-haired woman at the keyboard begins playing the hymn again and the congregation sings the last two verses of the hymn as the priest and thurifer return to the front of the room. The priest joins in the hymn as soon as he reaches the front of the room. By the time the hymn is finished, you have forgotten what the priest read from the Book of Gospels. The last two verses of the hymn have driven it out of your mind.
The priest goes to the podium. He bids the congregation to sit and launches into a long sermon about the Feast of Pentecost and how it is the birthday of the Church. You are thankful that you can sit down again. You notice that one of your neighbors has fallen asleep. The drone of the priest’s voice is making you drowsy too. At the conclusion of the sermon the priest bids the congregation to stand and to affirm their faith in the words of the Nicene Creed. By this point in the service the shooting pains in your left thigh are excruciating. Shifting your weight from leg to leg no longer relieves the pain. After the Nicene Creed the priest launches into a long prayer throughout which the congregation remains standing. You are in agony.
At the conclusion of the long prayer the priest gives an invitation to confession. Everyone sits in their chairs with bowed heads as they say the confession. A few hardy souls kneel on the floor. After the confession the priest pronounces the absolution and then reads four passages of Scripture. Next the priest says, “The peace of the Lord always be with you,” and everyone responds, “And also with you.” The members of the congregation in front of you enthusiastically great each other, shaking hands, hugging, and saying, “Peace be with you.” They ignore you. You turn in the direction of the woman who is seated three chairs down the row from you. She turns her back to you and greets the person in front of her.
The gray-haired woman at the keyboard begins to play the introduction to a hymn. The congregation begins to sing. You can barely hear them. After preparing the table, the priest joins in, his voice booming from the podium and drowning out the congregation with his off-key singing. Four gray-haired ushers pass two collection plates up and down the rows of chairs. One of them frowns at you when you do not put anything in the collection plate. As soon as the hymn is finished, two ushers march forward with the collection plates while the congregation sings the doxology, “Praise God from whom all blessings flow.” The priest receives the collection plates, offers them as if he is offering the wave offering in the Temple in Jerusalem, puts them on the table, says a lengthy prayer over them, and then hands them to the teenager in the alb.
The man in the tight-fitting cotta and cassock brings the smoking censor to the priest and the priest censes the table again and the bread and wine on the table. After handing the censor back to the thurifer, he begins the Sursum Corda, facing the congregation, after which he turns his back to the congregation and faces the table. He launches into a very long eucharistic prayer. You notice some people are sitting down while others remain standing The man who fell asleep during the sermon has dozed off again. You can hear his snores. The two teenagers are playing Pokemon on their cell phones. You sit down. You are in too greater agony to remain standing.
The eucharistic prayer is mind numbing. You are not feeling exactly at love and peace with your neighbor. The priest’s amplified voice is giving you a headache.
To your relief the priest finally concludes the prayer. Those sitting struggle to their feet to join those standing in saying the Lord’s Prayer. “Communion will be next,” you think. But the priest launches into a prayer of preparation. He then receives communion and faces the congregation. He is holding the chalice in one hand with a wafer above it in the other hand. He says, "Behold the Lamb of God who was slain for the sins of the word” or something like that. Once more you are reminded of the Roman Catholic church that you visited when you were a teenager. The ushers roll two portable kneeling benches in front of the table and lock them together. They hover at each end of the benches. You soon discover why. Some of the communicants need assistance rising from the kneelers. It takes three ushers to haul a very large woman to her feet. You decide to forego communion. You are in a foul mood. The long, boring service has exhausted you. You are wondering what happened to your friend. You cannot imagine what she sees in this church.
During the communion the gray-haired woman at the key board plays a piece of music that sounds like a funeral march. Some of the communicants genuflect before they go forward. When all have received communion, the priest reads several passages of Scripture. He then leads the congregation in a prayer of thanksgiving after which he pronounces a blessing over the congregation, making the sign of the cross. The gray-haired woman begins playing the introduction of a hymn on the keyboard. As the congregation sings a final hymn, the priest, preceded by the man in the tight-fighting cotta and cassock with the smoking censor and the teenager in the alb with the processional cross, walk to the back of the room. The priest’s voice booms over the podium’s loudspeaker. At the back of the room the priest launches into a lengthy closing prayer. At the conclusion of the prayer the teenager in the alb returns to the front of the room with the processional cross and extinguishes the candles. The priest then dismisses the congregation. You head for the door, not even stopping to shake the priest’s hand. The shooting pains in your left thigh are unbearable. Your head is pounding.
Once outside you turn on your cell phone and check your text messages. There are several from your friend. “Where are you?” “Have you changed your mind?” “What about lunch?” You text her back. “I went to your church. What happened to you?” “I was at church,” she replies. “I didn’t see you,” you reply. “What church did you go to?” she texts back. You text her the name of the church and the address of the hotel.” “But that’s not my church,” she replies. You agree to meet her at the restaurant. Over lunch she and you laugh about how you went to the wrong church. She invites you to her church again, saying that she will pick you up on Sunday. You reluctantly agree because you do not want to disappoint her. She is a lot of fun to be with and you really, really like her.
Next Sunday rolls around. Your friend is ringing your door bell bright and early. “I’m taking you to breakfast,” she says. After breakfast she and you drive to where her church meets. The church rents a storefront a couple of blocks from the hotel where you went to church the previous Sunday. A large sign over the entrance identifies the meeting place. The lettering is simple, bold, and eye-catching. A plastic sandwich board sign points to the entrance.
Your friend has been telling you in the car that the church is a part of a new network of Anglican churches that has been organized in North America. She has been going to the church for more than six months and she really likes it. She thinks that you will like it too.
At the entrance to the storefront are several people of different ages greeting each new arrival. You notice that they really appear glad to see you. You go inside. One of the first things that you notice is how the seating is arranged. It is arranged in two sections facing each other with a wide space between the two sections. Each section is curved so that the people sitting at one end of the section can see the people sitting at the other end of the section. The chairs are spaced so the person behind you does not see the back of your head but the people in the other section. At one end of the space between the two sections of seating is a lectern. A short distance behind the lectern and to one side is a keyboard, guitar stands, a bass guitar and an acoustic guitar, stools, floor mikes, and a collection of percussion instruments—steel drums, djembe, box drums, and stacked bells.
At the other end of the space is a counter top height table covered with a white table cloth. On the table are two hand-made shallow ceramic bowls, each with a hand-crafted sand candle in it. When lit, the sand candles give off the fragrance of frankincense. The only other thing on the table is a dark blue pillow decorated with a swirl of multi-colored butterflies. The walls of the room are painted a soft white. On two of the walls are large wall panels repeating the same motif –swirling multi-colored butterflies on a dark blue background. As the butterflies swirl upward they become an iridescent gold. “The work of a local artist,” your friend tells you, ”There are a number of artists in the congregation.”
As the chairs begin to fill up, you notice the diversity of the congregation—young children, teenagers, young adults, senior adults, Black families, Hispanic families, Asian families, single parents. They are like the multi-colored butterflies spiraling upward on the cushion and the wall panels.
The priest is white-haired. He is wearing what you friend says is a white co-celebration alb and a dark blue stole with the same butterfly motif as the pillow and the wall panels. He has a friendly face and young children run up to him and hug him and receive a hug in return. He chats with different families and individuals as he leisurely makes his way to his seat near the lectern. He sits with the rest of the congregation.
The music group unobtrusively takes its place. The percussionist, a young Black man, strikes a bell with a mallet and a hush falls over the congregation. “He is a music major at your university,” your friend whispers to you. “He is really good.” The priest stands and welcomes those present. He nods to the music group and the percussionist begins to play a lively Jamaican tune on the steel drums. Everyone stands. A member of the music group sings the opening verse of Stephen P. Starke’s “All you works of God bless the Lord.” All join in on the refrain, clapping their hands at the end of the refrain. Even the young children are singing. All join in on the final verse. At the end of the song a hush once more falls over the congregation. The priest then says the Prayer of the Day.
After the prayer everyone takes a seat. A young Hispanic woman stands and walks to the lectern. She announces the Old Testament reading. As reads the passage, it is clear that she is reading it from her heart. At the end of the reading she says, “This is the Word of the Lord.” All respond, “Thanks be to God. A hush falls over the congregation.
The priest stands and announces the psalm portion appointed for the day. The congregation remains seated. The congregation reads the psalm portion antiphonally, from side to side. The people in one section of seating read the first half of each verse and the people in the other section of the seating read the second half of each verse. After the psalm portion a hush once more falls over the congregation.
A second reader stands, walks to the lectern, and announces the New Testament reading. Like the first reader, he reads the passage from the heart. At the end of the reading he says, “This is the Word of the Lord.” All respond, “Thanks be to God.” Silence follows the reading.
The priest nods to the music group. The percussionist plays the introduction to the Gospel Acclamation on the djembe. All stand and sing “Halle, halle, halle,” accompanied only by hand clapping and drum beats. At the conclusion of the Gospel Acclamation the priest goes to the lectern and announces the Gospel reading. All respond, “Glory to you, Lord Jesus Christ.” After the Gospel reading, the priest says, “This is the Gospel of the Lord.” All respond, “Praise to you, Lord Jesus Christ.” Silence follows.
At the conclusion of the silence the priest walks to the center of the space which divides the sections of seating and sits on a stool that an assistant minister has unobtrusively placed there. He invites the younger children to join him. They sit on the floor around him while he tells them a simple Bible story, using it to teach them about following Jesus. This week it is the story of the three young men in the furnace. You notice that the rest of the congregation is listening closely to what he is saying. When he finishes the Bible story, the priest dismisses the children who go to their children’s ministry groups in an adjoining room.
Taking the stool with him, the priest goes to a point right in front of the lectern where all can see him. Sitting on the stool, he begins the sermon. He takes one of the readings and draws out its meaning for the congregation and how it applies to their lives. He has the rapt attention of the congregation, you included. At the end of the sermon he observes a period of silence before asking the congregation to stand and affirm its faith in the words of the Apostles’ Creed.
After the Apostles’ Creed a member of the congregation goes to the lectern. All stand. He invites the congregation to pray in unison. After he announces each theme for prayer, the whole congregation pray together out loud, individually at the same time. “Why are they praying like that?” you ask your friend, “It is Tongsung Kido,” your friend explains. “It is a unique form of Korean prayer.”
After the congregation has prayed for each theme, the prayer leader invites members of the congregation to ask for the prayers or thanksgivings of those present. Several people share prayer requests and concerns or report answered prayer. The congregation prays for the prayer requests and concerns and offers thanks for the answered prayers. At the conclusion of this time the prayer leader invites the congregation to join in the Lord’s Prayer.
As the prayer leader returns to his seat, the priest invites the congregation to confess their sins. After a period of silence for self-examination the priest leads the congregation in the confession. He then declares God’s forgiveness and invites the congregation to stand. The priest says, “The peace of the Lord always be with you,” to which all respond “And also with you.” The exchange of the peace that follows is very exuberant. People come across the space between the two sections of seating to greet you. Your friend gives you a big hug. The music group begins to sing a joyous song of praise. All return to their seats and join in the song. The lyrics are very simple. The song almost sings itself.
You notice that two members of the congregation are preparing the table and the priest has moved from the end of the central space close to the lectern to the end of the central space close to the table. The younger children have returned from their children’s ministry groups and have joined their parents.
As the song comes to a conclusion, the priest takes his place behind the table, facing the congregation across the table. Two members of the congregation come forward. One is carrying a shallow basket with several loaves of pita bread on a white napkin in it. The other is carrying a jug of wine. They hand the bread and the wine to the priest who places them on the table. They take their place to one side of the table. A third member of the congregation brings the priest a container of water and he mixes the wine and the water in the cup and returns the container of water to the member of the congregation. The third member of the congregation goes to a small side table and returns with a small ceramic bowl, a towel, and the container of water. The priest washes and dries his hands. The third member of the congregation returns the bowl, the towel, and the water to the side table and then takes his place to one side of the table. A hush falls over the congregation.
The priest begins the introductory dialog of the eucharistic prayer, “Lift up your hearts.” The congregation responds, “we lift them to the Lord. The eucharistic prayer is a simple one. After a short preface, all sing the Sanctus to a setting played on the keyboard. The priest offers a short thanksgiving and asks God to grant that those who receive the bread and wine in obedience to Christ’s command, in remembrance of his suffering and death, will share Christ’s body and blood. He then says the words of institution during which he takes the bread and breaks it and takes the cup of wine. He then invites everyone to receive communion, “Come let us eat and drink in remembrance that Christ died for us, and feed on him in our hearts by faith with thanksgiving.”
The member of the congregation who brought him the water from the side table brings the priest a second chalice which he fills. He gives a full chalice and a basket of bread to one of the two other members of the congregation. The second basket has been nestled in the first basket. He gives a second full chalice to the third member of the congregation and takes a basket of bread. The priest and the three communion assistants take their place in front of the table.
The music group begin a simple communion song, one that the people can sing as they come forward to receive. It is a simple round, “Worthy the Lamb who has died for us, worthy, worthy the Lamb….” The two guitarists play and sing while the keyboardist and percussionist go forward to receive communion. When they return and the keyboardist begins a second simple communion song, the two guitarists go forward to receive communion.
After all have received communion, a profound silence envelops the room. The music group then begins a song of praise in which the congregation joins with uplifted hands. A second praise song flows out of the first. A time of spontaneous praise and thanksgiving follows the second praise song. As the spontaneous praise and thanksgiving dies away, the priest invites the congregation to join him in a prayer of thanksgiving. The prayer of thanksgiving is a short one. The priest announces the parting blessing, “Bow your heads for God’s blessing.” He then pronounces God’s blessing upon the congregation who stand with bowed heads, stretching out his hands to the congregation in a gesture of blessing. After the blessing he dismisses the congregation.
While the music group play a joyous tune, the priest seeks out the first-time guests and newcomers and greets them. Your friend brings you to meet him. He greets you and your friend, shakes your hand, and chats with you for a few moments before someone drags him away to meet her cousin who came with her to church. You and your friend mingle with the other members of the congregation and your friend introduces you to different people that she knows.
As you leave, your friend asks, “What do you think?” All you can say, “I really like this church.” She smiles happily. “Shall I pick you up next Sunday?” she say. You nod your head in agreement.
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Tuesday, June 25, 2019
The Eucharistic Presence--A Historic Anglican Perspective
By Robin G. Jordan
From a historic Anglican perspective the doctrine of the objective real presence is predicated upon a number of what may be described as exegetical errors. The primary error involves interpreting a passage of Scripture without regard to its context. Roman Catholics, Anglo-Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Catholics, and Copts approach the texts related to the institution of the Lord’s Supper with preconceived notions of what they mean. They assume that Jesus was speaking literally when he referred to the bread as his body and the cup as his blood. However, the context of these passages suggests otherwise.
First in these references Jesus is clearly looking forward to his impeding death. Second he concludes each reference with the instructions to “do this in remembrance of me.” In other words, when the disciples gather to break bread together and to share a cup of wine to do so as a memory or recollection of his death. In Matthew 26:29, Mark 14: 25, and Luke 22: 18 Jesus goes on to refer to the contents of the cup as “fruit of the vine,” that is, wine. This is a strong evidence that Jesus was speaking figuratively when he referred to the bread as his body and the cup as his blood. The larger context of his institution of the Lord’s Supper at a Passover meal also supports this interpretation.
Roman Catholics, Anglo-Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Catholics, and Copts conclude that Jesus is talking about the Lord’s Supper in the Bread of Life discourse in the Gospel of John because Jesus makes reference to eating his flesh and drinking his blood. They ignore the context of this discourse.
The Bread of Life discourses follows the miraculous feeding of the five thousand. This miracle occurred early in Jesus’ ministry well before the Last Supper and the institution of the Lord’s Supper. In the discourse Jesus is addressing those who had decided to follow him in hopes that he would perform more miracles in which he would provide them with bread. He is telling them that they are following him for the wrong reason. They should be following him for the spiritual nourishment that he can provide to their souls, not for loaves of bread. The source of this spiritual nourishment is himself. He is not speaking of himself being consumed literally but figuratively. You can take a morsel of bread and put it in your mouth. But unless you chew it up, swallow it down, and digest, you will gain no nourishment from it. If they want to benefit from the spiritual nourishment that he can provide, they must do more than put their faith in his power to perform miracles. They must put their faith in him in toto, much in the same way as we chew up a morsel of bread, swallow it down, and digest it. The bread becomes a part of us.
This interpretation of the Bread of Life discourse is consistent with the other “I am” discourses in the Gospel of John. In all of these discourses Jesus is speaking figuratively and referring to the relationship of the believer to him. Roman Catholics, Anglo-Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Catholics, and Copts not only assume that Jesus is talking about the Lord’s Supper in the Bread of Life discourse but also he suddenly switches from speaking figuratively to literally. They have no basis for this assumption other than their preconceived notions of what he is saying. What they are doing is reading their own meaning into the text rather drawing the meaning out of the text.
Roman Catholics, Anglo-Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Catholics, and Copts also assume that 1 Corinthians 10:16 is a references to Christ’s substantive presence in the consecrated elements.
Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ?But is that what the apostle Paul is saying when he wrote this passage? In 1 Corinthians 11:26 Paul refers to the Lord’s Supper as a proclamation of Christ’s death. This suggests that Paul may be speaking figuratively. He goes onto say:
Therefore, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of sinning against the body and blood of the Lord. Each one must examine himself before he eats of the bread and drinks of the cup. For anyone who eats and drinks without recognizing the body eats and drinks judgment on himself. (1 Corinthians 11: 27-29, NIV)Roman Catholics, Anglo-Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Catholics, and Copts assume the body and blood of the Lord to which Paul refers in this passage is a reference to Christ’s substantive presence in the consecrated elements. They also assume that the “body” in 1 Corinthians 11:29 is a reference to Christ’s substantive presence in the bread. But are their assumptions correct?
Paul was a devote Jew, a Pharisee, before he became a believer and an apostle. The Mosaic Code prohibits the eating of blood. The Council of Jerusalem decided not to impose the Mosaic Code upon Gentile converts to Christianity with two exceptions. They should abstain from sexual immorality and from eating blood. Paul also places a strong emphasis upon the atonement in his writings. Therefore it is well within the realm of possibility that Paul is speaking figuratively in 1 Corinth 11: 27.
Note that Paul urges the members of the church at Corinth to examine themselves before they eat the bread and drink of the cup. If he was referring to Christ’s substantive presence in the consecrated elements, why did he not urge them to examine themselves before eating Christ’s body and drinking his blood? The fact that he refers to the bread as bread and the cup as the cup is not insignificant. It also points to Paul’s use of figurative language in these passages.
The context of 1 Corinthians 11:29 also indicates that the “body” to which Paul refers in this passage is the Body of Christ, the Church. The wealthier Corinthians were starting the Lord’s Supper before all the members of the church had arrived, consuming the food that they had brought with them and leaving nothing for the latecomers who were in all likelihood slaves. They were failing to view the latecomers as members of Christ’s Body.
The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion articulate two important principles in regard to what the church may teach and how the church may interpret Scripture. The first principle is that the church may not teach anything that is contrary to Scripture. The second principle is that the church may not expound a passage of Scripture so that it contradicts another passage of Scripture.
Teaching that Christ is substantively present in the consecrated elements violates both principles. If Jesus is speaking figuratively in the Synoptic Gospel accounts of the institution of the Lord’s Supper, teaching that he is speaking literally is contrary to Scripture. If Jesus is speaking figuratively in the Synoptic Gospel accounts of the institution of the Lord’s Supper, then the church cannot teach that Paul was speaking literally in his account of the Lord’s Supper.
The eucharistic theology of historic Anglicanism does not deny that those who “rightly, worthily, and with faith” receive the outward sign of the sacrament do not receive the inward grace. It teaches that the manner in which “the Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper” is a heavenly and spiritual one. It further teaches that means by which the Body of Christ is received and eaten in the Supper is faith. What is involved is a spiritual feeding. The bread and the wine as the symbols and the tokens of Christ’s Body and Blood point to this spiritual reality.
Having risen from the dead and ascended into heaven, Christ is seated by the Father’s side. He cannot be in heaven and also in the bread and wine. However, the believer is united to Christ by the Holy Spirit. It is through this mystical union with Christ that the believer is able to receive spiritual nourishment from Christ, “to feed upon him in your heart by faith with thanksgiving.”
As Richard Hooker explains in his magnum opus, Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, “The real presence of Christ’s most blessed body and blood is not therefore to be sought for in the sacrament, but in the worthy receiver of the sacrament.” In this view “Christ’s body and blood is only present as the communicant receives the bread and wine of the Eucharist. This means that Christ’s body and blood is not present before or after the reception but only during the act of receiving.” [1]
At the same time the eucharistic theology of historic Anglicanism refrains from being overly-precise in explaining how we feed upon Christ, recognizing that it is a mystery and allowing some latitude for differences of opinion on this matter.
The eucharistic theology of historic Anglicanism, however, reject the belief that the sacrament is like the fire berry that the star at rest in C. S. Lewis’ Narnia Chronicles story, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, consumes each day to burn away his old age until he is young enough to once more tread the heavens in the great dance. It rejects the Roman Catholic teaching that the sacrament infuses sanctifying grace into the human soul, purifying the soul from sin so that the soul may enter heaven one day. There is no basis for this teaching in Scripture. The Holy Spirit sanctifies us directly. He does not nudge us to receive the sanctifying grace of the sacraments as the Roman Catholic Church teaches.
While historic Anglicanism denies any substantive presence of Christ in the consecrated elements, it is reverent in its treatment of the symbols and tokens of Christ’s Body and Blood.
The form of prayer that Anglicans historically have used to set apart the bread and wine for sacramental use consists of an introductory dialog—the Sursum Corda; a preface, a proper preface for major church festivals; the Sanctus, or Thrice-Holy; the Prayer for Humble Access, a commemoration of Christ’s saving work, a petition that those who receive the outward sign of the sacrament will receive its inward grace, and the words of institution. The two prayers refer to the communicants and not to the elements. The only sacrifice referred to in this form of prayer is Christ’s. There is also no invocation of the Holy Spirit.
Archbishop Cranmer omitted the invocation of the Holy Spirit from this form of prayer for several reasons. The Holy Scriptures teach that the Holy Spirit sanctifies people and not inanimate objects. An invocation of the Holy Spirit shifts the focus of the form of prayer from the communicants to the elements. It suggests that the elements undergo a change. An invocation of the Holy Spirit is also redundant.
There is a parallel between the petition for the communicants in the 1552 Communion service and the petition for the baptismal candidate in the 1552 baptism service. Both humbly ask God to grant that those receiving the outward sign of the sacrament also receive its inward grace.
This parallel is obscured in the 1662 revision of the 1552 baptism service. Influenced by the 1637 Scottish baptism service the Restoration bishops added a petition for the sanctification of the water in the font. This petition, however, is redundant.
Both the 1552 baptism service and its 1662 revision assume that God set apart water for the purpose of baptism with the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River. A similar assumption is implied in the 1552 Communion service. When Christ instituted the Lord’s Supper, he set apart bread and wine for the purpose of that commemorative meal. There is no need to ask God to set apart what he has already set apart. The setting apart of the matter of the sacrament for sacramental use occurs when the matter is used for that purpose.
For Archbishop Cranmer the sacramental action, the people’s eating and drinking, had far greater important than the elements themselves. It was in the eating and drinking, not the elements themselves, that Christ was present in the hearts of those who believed in him.
The role of the minister of the sacrament in historic Anglicanism is that of a humble steward serving a meal on his master’s behalf. His role is not that of a consecrator of the sacrament or a dispenser of sacramental grace.
The two eucharistic prayers in The Book of Common Prayer 2019 shift the focus away from the communicants to the minister of the sacrament and to the elements. They also shift the focus away from the communicants’ eating and drinking to the minister’s consecrating and offering the elements.
This is a radical shift away from historic Anglicanism’s understanding of the Lord’s Supper back to an unreformed Catholic understanding of the Mass. Due to this shift these prayers cannot be viewed as Anglican in the historic sense. Neither can the eucharistic theology of the ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019. This may not be a problem for Anglo-Catholics in the Anglican Church in North America but it is a problem for Anglicans who are Protestant and Reformed in their theological outlook.
For a further examination of the historic Anglican understanding of the Lord’s Supper, see “The Lord's Supper Explained: The Historic Anglican View of the Sacrament” and “The Lord’s Supper Explained: The Historic Anglican View of the Sacrament—Part 2.”
[1] Richard Hooker c. 1554 – 1600 Anglican Divine,Anglican Eucharistic Theology
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Monday, June 24, 2019
ACNA's Prayer Book 2019: A Revisionist Prayer Book
By Robin G. Jordan
Revisionism has found fertile ground in the North America Anglican Church for the past 185 odd years. While it has flourished in a number of forms, its two primary forms have been liberalism and Anglo-Catholicism. These two theological streams have not only flowed separately from each other but they have also flowed together. The early twentieth century saw the emergence of what Les Fairfield, retired professor of Church history at Trinity School for Ministry, describes as Catholic Modernism, a fusion of liberal and unreformed Catholic theology. It is the dominant form of liberalism in the Episcopal Church.
In the second half of the twentieth century emerged what may be described as broad Catholic Revivalism. Influenced by the ecumenical and liturgical movements of the mid-twentieth century and the worship renewal movement of the last 20 odd years, its adherents seek to revive what they believe are the practices of the Church before the East-West schism of the eleventh century out of the belief that the revival of these practices will enrich the worship of the Anglican Church and foster church unity. They have similar interests to the English and Scottish Non-Jurors who broke with the Anglican Church in the eighteenth century and developed their own distinctive theology and practices. The Non-Jurors were influenced by the writings of the early Church fathers and the practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Traditional Anglo-Catholicism has its origins in the nineteenth century Oxford and Ritualist movements. It has been strongly influenced by late Medieval and post-Tridentian Catholic doctrine and practice. Although its adherents claim to represent a longstanding tradition in the Anglican Church, both nineteenth century and more recent scholarship does not support this claim.
While the claims of the adherents of these various forms of revisionism have been repeatedly debunked, these claims continue to circulate because writers who have not investigated the truth of the claims but have accepted them at face-value keep repeating the claims. Indeed the persistence of these claims is proof of what very propagandist knows: If a lie or half-truth is repeated often enough, it will take on a life of its own.
A false belief that has been around for a long time and has gained wide acceptance does not morph into a truth. It is still a false belief. It is testimony to the willingness of people to belief a lie over the truth, even when they know that the lie is untrue.
These forms of revisionism have not only sown confusion regarding the character of the Anglican Church but also they have eroded its doctrinal foundation. The Anglican Church’s doctrinal foundation has been primarily the Holy Scriptures and secondarily the historic Anglican formularies—the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion of 1571, the Book of Common Prayer of 1662, the Forms of Making, Ordering, and Consecrating Deacons, Priests, and Bishops of 1661, and the Books of Homilies of 1547, 1562, and 1571. The Thirty-Nine Articles recognize and affirm the two Books of Homilies as containing “a godly and wholesome Doctrine, and as “necessary for these times.” They expound the reformed doctrines of the Anglican Church in greater depth and detail than in the Thirty-Nine Articles.
The historic Anglican formularies derive their authority from the Holy Scriptures and are authoritative where they agree with the Holy Scriptures. They are subject to the Holy Scriptures and in their interpretation the teaching of the Holy Scriptures as well as historical context and authorial intent must be given full weight.
With the 1559 Book of Common Prayer and the 1559 Ordinal, the Thirty-Nine Articles form the doctrinal core of the Elizabethan Settlement which would shape historic Anglicanism. The 1559 Prayer Book is essentially the 1552 Prayer Book, which represents Archbishop Cranmer’s mature thinking, and not the 1549 Prayer Book. Only a few revisions were made in the 1559 Prayer Book and they were conservative ones. The revisions did not make the Prayer Book more Catholic as Anglo-Catholics are wont to claim nor did they make the book less Protestant. The 1559 Prayer Book was the prayer book of the reformed Anglican Church for almost a hundred years. It survives in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, which is essentially the 1559 Prayer Book with some minor alterations and additions.
The shape that the Elizabethan Settlement gave to historic Anglicanism is Protestant and Reformed. The Reformed theology of historic Anglicanism is close to the early Reformed theology of the Swiss city states and southern Germany. Calvinism has also been a significant influence upon historic Anglicanism.
Among the distinguishing characteristics of historic Anglicanism is its belief in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the Word of God and the sole rule of faith and practice. It does not require belief in any doctrine that cannot be found in Scripture or proved by Scripture. It recognizes and affirms the teaching of the three historic creeds and the first four ecumenical councils. Historic Anglicanism recognizes only two sacraments as ordained by God—baptism and the Lord’s Supper. It views the Lord’s Supper not as a sacrifice but as a meal commemorating a sacrifice. It believes that Christ is present in the ordinance but not in the bread and wine. It rejects the medieval Catholic sacramental system as incompatible with the New Testament doctrine of justification by faith alone in Christ alone. Historic Anglicanism takes the position that God has not ordained any particular form of church polity. It retains episcopacy on the basis that it is “ancient and allowable” and not divinely-instituted.
While The Book of Common Prayer 2019 incorporates textual material from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, it is not an Anglican by any stretch of the imagination. It is a revisionist prayer book. The primary influence in the ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019 is traditional Anglo-Catholicism. A secondary influence is broad Catholic Revivalism but it takes a backseat to traditional Anglo-Catholicism. The book’s sacramental theology is Anglo-Catholic. Its theology of apostolic succession and ordained ministry is Anglo-Catholic. It also displays the Anglo-Catholic traditionalist’s penchant for rites and services that are modeled on the late medieval and later Catholic liturgies and which emphasize the role of bishops and priests as dispensers of sacramental grace. Its view of the clergy stands in sharp contrast to that of historic Anglicanism which sees the clergy, including bishops, as primarily ministers of God’s Word and their administration of the sacraments as dependent upon the Word.
Archbishop Duncan has described The Book of Common Prayer 2019 in these words:
The Book of Common Prayer is the Bible arranged for worship. The 2019 edition takes what was good from the modern liturgical renewal and also recovers what had been lost from the tradition.Archbishop Duncan’s description of The Book of Common Prayer 2019 does not tell the whole story. A prayer book can be described only as “the Bible arranged for worship” if its use of passages of Scripture are consistent with their use in the Bible and its contents are agreeable to the teaching of the Holy Scriptures. The ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019 falls short in both areas.
The Book of Common Prayer 2019 revives the medieval Catholic sacramental system and the doctrine and practices associated with that system. The English Reformers rejected the medieval Catholic sacramental system on solid Scriptural grounds in the sixteenth century. It was irreconcilable with what the New Testament taught. It particularly conflicted with the New Testament doctrine of justification by faith alone in Christ alone.
Both Archbishop Duncan and Archbishop Beach have made conflicting statements about The Book of Common Prayer 2019. On one hand they claim that the ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019 stands in continuity with the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. On the other hand they claim that is a part of a global reassessment of the 1662 Prayer Book. What they do not mention is that the 2008 Global Anglican Future Conference affirms the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. “While we should not be expecting uniformity of liturgy across the Anglican Communion,” GAFCON’s Theological Resource Group states in Being Faithful: The Shape of Historic Anglicanism Today, “we should look for a common theological basis [emphasis added]. It further states:
The 1662 Prayer Book provides a standard by which other liturgies may be tested and measured. One key principle of revision is that the new liturgies must be seen to be in continuity with the Book of Common Prayer.This means that the new liturgies should have more than a superficial resemblance to 1662 Book of Common Prayer. They should embody its doctrine.
GAFCON’s Theological resource Group goes onto to state:
A second key principle of revision should be that of mutual accountability within the Anglican Communion. The further removed a proposed liturgy may be from the 1662 Prayer Book, the more important it is that it should be subject to widespread evaluation throughout the Communion.While the ACNA’s Prayer Book and Liturgy Task Force cannibalized texts from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, these texts were incorporated largely for the sake of appearance. Any resemblance that The Book of Common Prayer 2019 has to the classical Anglican Prayer Book is cosmetic.
Doctrinally The Book of Common Prayer 2019 bears no resemblance to the 1662 Prayer Book. As I noted earlier, the 1662 Prayer Book is a conservative revision of the 1559 Prayer Book, which is essentially the 1552 Prayer Book. The doctrine of the ACNA's Prayer Book 2019 is a far cry from the doctrine of the 1552 Prayer Book and its 1662 revision. The 1552 Prayer Book is an embodiment of Reformed Protestant theology. The Book of Common Prayer 2019 is an embodiment of unreformed Catholic doctrine, doctrine which the English Reformers, including Archbishop Cranmer, rejected as repugnant to the Word of God.
In the Preface to The Book of Common Prayer 2019 the two Archbishops make this claim:
The Book of Common Prayer (2019) is indisputably true to Cranmer’s originating vision of a form of prayers and praises that is thoroughly Biblical, catholic in the manner of the early centuries, highly participatory in delivery, peculiarly Anglican and English in its roots, culturally adaptive and missional in a most remarkable way, utterly accessible to the people, and whose repetitions are intended to form the faithful catechetically and to give them doxological voice.Despite the claim of the two Archbishops the services of The Book of Common Prayer 2019 lack the kind of flexibility that permits their adaptation to a wide variety of circumstances and situations. This kind of flexibility is a must on the twenty-first century North American mission field. It enables worship planners to tailor the worship of the local church to its particular circumstances and situation. The structure of the Holy Eucharist in the ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019 is far too rigid. The number of forms for the prayers of the people and the number of eucharistic prayers are quite limited. The service makes no provision for occasions when a congregation needs a simpler entrance rite, a shorter form for the prayers of the people, or a shorter eucharistic prayer. This omission will be felt keenly by small congregations that meet in non-traditional worship settings and by congregations that have a large number of young children and/or adults with limited reading skills. The rigidity of the structure of the Holy Eucharist in The Book of Common Prayer 2019 makes little room for diversity in style of music and worship.
The Book of Common Prayer 2019 also makes no provision for occasions when the services of Morning and Evening Prayer and Holy Communion do not meet the needs of the local church. It has nothing that is equivalent of the Service of Word that is found in most of the more recent Anglican and Lutheran service books. It makes no provision for a lay reader to read all that is appointed through the prayers of the people in the Holy Eucharist in the absence of a priest or deacon. While it permits administration of Holy Communion from the reserved sacrament, it restricts such administration to deacons, further evidence of the decided Anglo-Catholic traditionalist bias of the ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019. It makes no provision for congregations that do not have a deacon. Where this practice is permitted in a number of Anglican provinces, an authorized lay eucharistic minister may administer Holy Communion from the reserved sacrament in the absence of deacon.
A number of the services could have been made much shorter and much simpler. The only apparent reason for their length and elaborateness appears to have been to emphasize the role of the bishop or priest as a dispenser of sacramental grace.
In Its bright red cover with a Jerusalem cross stamped on the front The Book of Common Prayer 2019 resembles a missal more than a prayer book. Due to its unreformed Catholic doctrine and practices The Anglican Missal 2019 might be a more appropriate title for the ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019.
Unless the ACNA’s Provincial Council and Provincial Assembly at last week’s meeting enacted a canon authorizing the use of The Book of Common Prayer 2019, the ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019 has no official standing in the Anglican Church in North America, even though it may have endorsement of the ACNA’s College of Bishops. Under the existing provisions of the ACNA’s constitution and canons the College of Bishops does not have the authority to authorize an official prayer book for the province.
Under the same provisions it is well within the authority of the Provincial Council and the Provincial Assembly to withhold authorization of the use of The Book of Common Prayer 2019 and to commission a new task force to prepare a service book that conforms more closely to the teaching of the Holy Scriptures and to the doctrinal and worship principles of the historic Anglican formularies and which more adequately meets the needs of congregations on the twenty-first century North America mission field. Individual bishops may prohibit the use of the ACNA’s Prayer Book 2019 in their dioceses on the grounds that is doctrine and practices do not conform to the teaching of the Holy Scriptures.
The ACNA’s College of Bishops’ endorsement of a revisionist prayer book and its uncanonical introduction of the book as the official prayer book of the province is evidence of the continuing need for a Biblically faith, authentically Anglican, missionary province in North America. It is quite clear that, while the Anglican Church in North America has broken with one form of revisionism—liberalism, the ACNA has not broken with another form of revisionism—Anglo-Catholicism. Like the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church, the ACNA is on a path that leads away from authentic historic Anglicanism. What is greatly needed in North America is a province that is fully committed to biblical Christianity, authentic historic Anglicanism, and the furtherance of the gospel. Without such a province North America will be bereft of a genuine Anglican presence and witness.
Image Credit: Anglican Pastor
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